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§268.45 Treatment standards for hazardous debris.
(a) Treatment standards. Hazardous debris must be treated prior to land disposal as follows unless EPA determines under §261.3(f)(2) of this chapter that the debris is no longer contaminated with hazardous waste or the debris is treated to the waste-specific treatment standard provided in this subpart for the waste contaminating the debris:
(1) General. Hazardous debris must be treated for each "contaminant subject to treatment" defined by paragraph (b) of this section using the technology or technologies identified in Table 1 of this section.
(2) Characteristic debris. Hazardous debris that exhibits the characteristic of ignitability, corrosivity, or reactivity identified under §§261.21, 261.22, and 261.23 of this chapter, respectively, must be deactivated by treatment using one of the technologies identified in Table 1 of this section.
(3) Mixtures of debris types. The treatment standards of Table 1 in this section must be achieved for each type of debris contained in a mixture of debris types. If an immobilization technology is used in a treatment train, it must be the last treatment technology used.
(4) Mixtures of contaminant types. Debris that is contaminated with two or more contaminants subject to treatment identified under paragraph (b) of this section must be treated for each contaminant using one or more treatment technologies identified in Table 1 of this section. If an immobilization technology is used in a treatment train, it must be the last treatment technology used.
(5) Waste PCBs. Hazardous debris that is also a waste PCB under 40 CFR part 761 is subject to the requirements of either 40 CFR part 761 or the requirements of this section, whichever are more stringent.
(b) Contaminants subject to treatment. Hazardous debris must be treated for each "contaminant subject to treatment." The contaminants subject to treatment must be determined as follows:
(1) Toxicity characteristic debris. The contaminants subject to treatment for debris that exhibits the Toxicity Characteristic (TC) by §261.24 of this chapter are those EP constituents for which the debris exhibits the TC toxicity characteristic.
(2) Debris contaminated with listed waste. The contaminants subject to treatment for debris that is contaminated with a prohibited listed hazardous waste are those constituents or wastes for which treatment standards are established for the waste under §268.40.
(3) Cyanide reactive debris. Hazardous debris that is reactive because of cyanide must be treated for cyanide.
(c) Conditioned exclusion of treated debris. Hazardous debris that has been treated using one of the specified extraction or destruction technologies in Table 1 of this section and that does not exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste identified under subpart C, part 261, of this chapter after treatment is not a hazardous waste and need not be managed in a subtitle C facility. Hazardous debris contaminated with a listed waste that is treated by an immobilization technology specified in Table 1 is a hazardous waste and must be managed in a subtitle C facility.
(d) Treatment residuals -- (1) General requirements. Except as provided by paragraphs (d)(2) and (d)(4) of this section:
(i) Residue from the treatment of hazardous debris must be separated from the treated debris using simple physical or mechanical means; and
(ii) Residue from the treatment of hazardous debris is subject to the waste-specific treatment standards provided by subpart D of this part for the waste contaminating the debris.
(2) Nontoxic debris. Residue from the deactivation of ignitable, corrosive, or reactive characteristic hazardous debris (other than cyanide-reactive) that is not contaminated with a contaminant subject to treatment defined by paragraph (b) of this section, must be deactivated prior to land disposal and is not subject to the waste-specific treatment standards of subpart D of this part.
(3) Cyanide-reactive debris. Residue from the treatment of debris that is reactive because of cyanide must meet the treatment standards for D003 in "Treatment Standards for Hazardous Wastes" at §268.40.
(4) Ignitable nonwastewater residue. Ignitable nonwastewaster residue containing equal to or greater than 10% total organic carbon is subject to the technology specified in the treatment standard for D001: Ignitable Liquids.
(5) Residue from spalling. Layers of debris removed by spalling are hazardous debris that remain subject to the treatment standards of this section.
Table 1_Alternative Treatment Standards For Hazardous Debris \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Performance and/or
Technology description design and operating Contaminant
standard restrictions \2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Extraction Technologies:
1. Physical Extraction
a. Abrasive Blasting: Glass, Metal, All Debris: None.
Removal of contaminated Plastic, Rubber:
debris surface layers Treatment to a
using water and/or air clean debris
pressure to propel a surface.\3\.
solid media (e.g., steel Brick, Cloth,
shot, aluminum oxide Concrete, Paper,
grit, plastic beads). Pavement, Rock,
Wood: Removal of at
least 0.6 cm of the
surface layer;
treatment to a
clean debris
surface.\3\.
b. Scarification, Same as above....... Same as above.
Grinding, and Planing:
Process utilizing
striking piston heads,
saws, or rotating
grinding wheels such that
contaminated debris
surface layers are
removed.
c. Spalling: Drilling or Same as above....... Same as above.
chipping holes at
appropriate locations and
depth in the contaminated
debris surface and
applying a tool which
exerts a force on the
sides of those holes such
that the surface layer is
removed. The surface
layer removed remains
hazardous debris subject
to the debris treatment
standards.
d. Vibratory Finishing: Same as above....... Same as above.
Process utilizing
scrubbing media, flushing
fluid, and oscillating
energy such that
hazardous contaminants or
contaminated debris
surface layers are
removed.\4\
e. High Pressure Steam and Same as above....... Same as above.
Water Sprays: Application
of water or steam sprays
of sufficient
temperature, pressure,
residence time,
agitation, surfactants,
and detergents to remove
hazardous contaminants
from debris surfaces or
to remove contaminated
debris surface layers.
2. Chemical Extraction
a. Water Washing and All Debris: Brick, Cloth,
Spraying: Application of Treatment to a Concrete, Paper,
water sprays or water clean debris Pavement, Rock,
baths of sufficient surface \3\; Wood: Contaminant
temperature, pressure, Brick, Cloth, must be soluble to
residence time, Concrete, Paper, at least 5% by
agitation, surfactants, Pavement, Rock, weight in water
acids, bases, and Wood: Debris must solution or 5% by
detergents to remove be no more than 1.2 weight in emulsion;
hazardous contaminants cm (\1/2\ inch) in if debris is
from debris surfaces and one dimension contaminated with a
surface pores or to (i.e., thickness dioxin-listed
remove contaminated limit,\5\ except waste,\6\ an
debris surface layers. that this thickness ``Equivalent
limit may be waived Technology''
under an approval under
``Equivalent § 268.42(b)
Technology'' must be
approval under obtained.\8\
§
268.42(b);\8\
debris surfaces
must be in contact
with water solution
for at least 15
minutes.
b. Liquid Phase Solvent Same as above....... Brick, Cloth,
Extraction: Removal of Concrete, Paper,
hazardous contaminants Pavement, Rock,
from debris surfaces and Wood: Same as
surface pores by applying above, except that
a nonaqueous liquid or contaminant must be
liquid solution which soluble to at least
causes the hazardous 5% by weight in the
contaminants to enter the solvent.
liquid phase and be
flushed away from the
debris along with the
liquid or liquid solution
while using appropriate
agitation, temperature,
and residence time.\4\
c. Vapor Phase Solvent Same as above, Same as above.
Extraction: Application except that brick,
of an organic vapor using cloth, concrete,
sufficient agitation, paper, pavement,
residence time, and rock and wood
temperature to cause surfaces must be in
hazardous contaminants on contact with the
contaminated debris organic vapor for
surfaces and surface at least 60 minutes.
pores to enter the vapor
phase and be flushed away
with the organic
vapor.\4\
3. Thermal Extraction
a. High Temperature Metals For refining Debris contaminated
Recovery: Application of furnaces, treated with a dioxin-
sufficient heat, debris must be listed waste:\5\
residence time, mixing, separated from Obtain an
fluxing agents, and/or treatment residuals ``Equivalent
carbon in a smelting, using simple Technology''
melting, or refining physical or approval under
furnace to separate mechanical §
metals from debris. means,\9\ and, 268.42(b).\8\
prior to further
treatment, such
residuals must meet
the waste-specific
treatment standards
for organic
compounds in the
waste contaminating
the debris.
b. Thermal Desorption: All Debris: Obtain All Debris: Metals
Heating in an enclosed an ``Equivalent other than mercury.
chamber under either Technology''
oxidizing or nonoxidizing approval under
atmospheres at sufficient §
temperature and residence 268.42(b);\8\
time to vaporize treated debris must
hazardous contaminants be separated from
from contaminated treatment residuals
surfaces and surface using simple
pores and to remove the physical or
contaminants from the mechanical
heating chamber in a means,\9\ and,
gaseous exhaust gas.\7\ prior to further
treatment, such
residue must meet
the waste-specific
treatment standards
for organic
compounds in the
waste contaminating
the debris.
Brick, Cloth,
Concrete, Paper,
Pavement, Rock,
Wood: Debris must
be no more than 10
cm (4 inches) in
one dimension
(i.e., thickness
limit),\5\ except
that this thickness
limit may be waived
under the
``Equivalent
Technology''
approval.
B. Destruction Technologies:
1. Biological Destruction All Debris: Obtain All Debris: Metal
(Biodegradation): Removal an ``Equivalent contaminants.
of hazardous contaminants Technology''
from debris surfaces and approval under
surface pores in an §
aqueous solution and 268.42(b);\8\
biodegration of organic treated debris must
or nonmetallic inorganic be separated from
compounds (i.e., treatment residuals
inorganics that contain using simple
phosphorus, nitrogen, or physical or
sulfur) in units operated mechanical
under either aerobic or means,\9\ and,
anaerobic conditions. prior to further
treatment, such
residue must meet
the waste-specific
treatment standards
for organic
compounds in the
waste contaminating
the debris.
Brick, Cloth,
Concrete, Paper,
Pavement, Rock,
Wood: Debris must
be no more than 1.2
cm (\1/2\ inch) in
one dimension
(i.e., thickness
limit),\5\ except
that this thickness
limit may be waived
under the
``Equivalent
Technology''
approval.
2. Chemical Destruction
a. Chemical Oxidation: All Debris: Obtain All Debris: Metal
Chemical or electolytic an ``Equivalent contaminants.
oxidation utilizing the Technology''
following oxidation approval under
reagents (or waste §
reagents) or combination 268.42(b);\8\
of reagents_(1) treated debris must
hypochlorite (e.g., be separated from
bleach); (2) chlorine; treatment residuals
(3) chlorine dioxide; (4) using simple
ozone or UV (ultraviolet physical or
light) assisted ozone; mechanical
(5) peroxides; (6) means,\9\ and,
persulfates; (7) prior to further
perchlorates; (8) perman- treatment, such
ganates; and/or (9) other residue must meet
oxidizing reagents of the waste-specific
equivalent destruction treatment standards
efficiency.\4\ Chemical for organic
oxidation specifically compounds in the
includes what is referred waste contaminating
to as alkaline the debris.
chlorination. Brick, Cloth,
Concrete, Paper,
Pavement, Rock,
Wood: Debris must
be no more than 1.2
cm (\1/2\ inch) in
one dimension
(i.e., thickness
limit),\5\ except
that this thickness
limit may be waived
under the
``Equivalent
Technology''
approval.
b. Chemical Reduction: Same as above....... Same as above.
Chemical reaction
utilizing the following
reducing reagents (or
waste reagents) or
combination of reagents:
(1) sulfur dioxide; (2)
sodium, potassium, or
alkali salts of sulfites,
bisulfites, and
metabisulfites, and
polyethylene glycols
(e.g., NaPEG and KPEG);
(3) sodium hydrosulfide;
(4) ferrous salts; and/or
(5) other reducing
reagents of equivalent
efficiency.\4\
3. Thermal Destruction: Treated debris must Brick, Concrete,
Treatment in an be separated from Glass, Metal,
incinerator operating in treatment residuals Pavement, Rock,
accordance with Subpart O using simple Metal: Metals other
of Parts 264 or 265 of physical or than mercury,
this chapter; a boiler or mechanical except that there
industrial furnace means,\9\ and, are no metal
operating in accordance prior to further restrictions for
with Subpart H of Part treatment, such vitrification.
266 of this chapter, or residue must meet Debris contaminated
other thermal treatment the waste-specific with a dioxin-
unit operated in treatment standards listed waste.\6\
accordance with Subpart for organic Obtain an
X, Part 264 of this compounds in the ``Equivalent
chapter, or Subpart P, waste contaminating Technology''
Part 265 of this chapter, the debris. approval under
but excluding for §
purposes of these debris 268.42(b),\8\
treatment standards except that this
Thermal Desorption units. requirement does
not apply to
vitrification.
C. Immobilization
Technologies:
1. Macroencapsulation: Encapsulating None.
Application of surface material must
coating materials such as completely
polymeric organics (e.g., encapsulate debris
resins and plastics) or and be resistant to
use of a jacket of inert degradation by the
inorganic materials to debris and its
substantially reduce contaminants and
surface exposure to materials into
potential leaching media. which it may come
into contact after
placement
(leachate, other
waste, microbes).
2. Microencapsulation: Leachability of the None.
Stabilization of the hazardous
debris with the following contaminants must
reagents (or waste be reduced.
reagents) such that the
leachability of the
hazardous contaminants is
reduced: (1) Portland
cement; or (2) lime/
pozzolans (e.g., fly ash
and cement kiln dust).
Reagents (e.g., iron
salts, silicates, and
clays) may be added to
enhance the set/cure time
and/or compressive
strength, or to reduce
the leachability of the
hazardous
constituents.\5\
3. Sealing: Application of Sealing must avoid None.
an appropriate material exposure of the
which adheres tightly to debris surface to
the debris surface to potential leaching
avoid exposure of the media and sealant
surface to potential must be resistent
leaching media. When to degradation by
necessary to effectively the debris and its
seal the surface, sealing contaminants and
entails pretreatment of materials into
the debris surface to which it may come
remove foreign matter and into contact after
to clean and roughen the placement
surface. Sealing (leachate, other
materials include epoxy, waste, microbes).
silicone, and urethane
compounds, but paint may
not be used as a sealant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Hazardous debris must be treated by either these standards or the
waste-specific treatment standards for the waste contaminating the
debris. The treatment standards must be met for each type of debris
contained in a mixture of debris types, unless the debris is converted
into treatment residue as a result of the treatment process. Debris
treatment residuals are subject to the waste-specific treatment
standards for the waste contaminating the debris.
\2\ Contaminant restriction means that the technology is not BDAT for
that contaminant. If debris containing a restricted contaminant is
treated by the technology, the contaminant must be subsequently
treated by a technology for which it is not restricted in order to be
land disposed (and excluded from Subtitle C regulation).
\3\ ``Clean debris surface'' means the surface, when viewed without
magnification, shall be free of all visible contaminated soil and
hazardous waste except that residual staining from soil and waste
consisting of light shadows, slight streaks, or minor discolorations,
and soil and waste in cracks, crevices, and pits may be present
provided that such staining and waste and soil in cracks, crevices,
and pits shall be limited to no more than 5% of each square inch of
surface area.
\4\ Acids, solvents, and chemical reagents may react with some debris
and contaminants to form hazardous compounds. For example, acid
washing of cyanide-contaminated debris could result in the formation
of hydrogen cyanide. Some acids may also react violently with some
debris and contaminants, depending on the concentration of the acid
and the type of debris and contaminants. Debris treaters should refer
to the safety precautions specified in Material Safety Data Sheets for
various acids to avoid applying an incompatible acid to a particular
debris/contaminant combination. For example, concentrated sulfuric
acid may react violently with certain organic compounds, such as
acrylonitrile.
\5\ If reducing the particle size of debris to meet the treatment
standards results in material that no longer meets the 60 mm minimum
particle size limit for debris, such material is subject to the waste-
specific treatment standards for the waste contaminating the material,
unless the debris has been cleaned and separated from contaminated
soil and waste prior to size reduction. At a minimum, simple physical
or mechanical means must be used to provide such cleaning and
separation of nondebris materials to ensure that the debris surface is
free of caked soil, waste, or other nondebris material.
\6\ Dioxin-listed wastes are EPA Hazardous Waste numbers FO20, FO21,
FO22, FO23, FO26, and FO27.
\7\ Thermal desorption is distinguished from Thermal Destruction in that
the primary purpose of Thermal Desorption is to volatilize
contaminants and to remove them from the treatment chamber for
subsequent destruction or other treatment.
\8\ The demonstration ``Equivalent Technology'' under § 268.42(b)
must document that the technology treats contaminants subject to
treatment to a level equivalent to that required by the performance
and design and operating standards for other technologies in this
table such that residual levels of hazardous contaminants will not
pose a hazard to human health and the environment absent management
controls.
\9\ Any soil, waste, and other nondebris material that remains on the
debris surface (or remains mixed with the debris) after treatment is
considered a treatment residual that must be separated from the debris
using, at a minimum, simple physical or mechanical means. Examples of
simple physical or mechanical means are vibratory or trommel screening
or water washing. The debris surface need not be cleaned to a ``clean
debris surface'' as defined in note 3 when separating treated debris
from residue; rather, the surface must be free of caked soil, waste,
or other nondebris material. Treatment residuals are subject to the
waste-specific treatment standards for the waste contaminating the
debris.
[57 FR 37277, Aug. 18, 1992, as amended at 59 FR 48103, Sept. 19,
1994; 63 FR 28738, May 26, 1998]