Absolute Gravity - Refers to the density or
specific gravity of a fluid at standard conditions; for example, with gases,
at 760 mm Hg (pressure) and 0 degrees Centigrade (temperature). Also known
as absolute density.
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: an
organization of professional personnel in governmental agencies or
educational institutions engaged in occupational safety and health programs.
ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational exposure limits (see "TLV")
for hundreds of chemical substances and physical agents.
Acid - A compound which dissociates in water to form an anion and a
hydronium ion. An acid reacts with a base or alkali to form a salt and
water. An acid turns litmus paper to red.
Acute Effect - An adverse effect on a human or animal, with symptoms
developing rapidly and coming quickly to crisis. Usually occurs following a
single exposure to a chemical. Also see "chronic effect."
Acute Exposure - a short-term exposure usually occurring at high concentration.
Acute Health Effect - an effect that develops either immediately or a short time after exposure.
Acute Toxicity - The adverse (acute) effects resulting from a single dose of, or short exposure to, a substance.
Aerosol - An airborne solid or liquid substance.
Alkali - A compound that has the ability to neutralize an acid to form a
salt. A substance that is bitter in a water solution, and somewhat irritating or
corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. This type of substance turns
litmus paper to blue. Common strong alkalis are sodium and potassium hydroxide.
Also known as "base."
Allergic Reaction - An abnormal physiologic response to a chemical or
physical stimuli by a sensitive person. Some dermatitis and asthma-like symptoms
result from allergic reactions.
Anesthetic Effect - The temporary loss of feeling induced by certain
chemical agents, which reduce the ability to feel pain or other sensations. For
example, hydrogen sulfide has an anesthetic effect on the olfactory nerve and
thus reduces one's ability to smell the gas.
ANSI - American National Standards Institute. A private, nonprofit
organization founded in 1918, it is the coordinator of voluntary standards
activities in the United States. ANSI has issued voluntary guidelines for MSDS
and labels.
Antidote - a remedy or other agent to counteract the effects of a poison.
APR - Air purifying respirators. These respirators remove contaminants by passing breathing air through a purifying element. There are two subclasses; (1) particulate APRs which use a mechanical filter element and (2) gas and vapor APRs which utilize chemical sorbents contained in a cartridge or canister.
Asphyxiant - A vapor or gas that can cause unconsciousness or death by
suffocation (lack of oxygen). "Simple asphyxiants" are those asphyxiants which
are harmful to the body only when they become so concentrated that they reduce
oxygen in the air (normally about 21 percent) to dangerous levels (19.5 percent
or less). Asphyxiation is one of the principal potential hazards of working in
confined spaces.
Aspiration Hazard - The danger of drawing a fluid into the lungs and
causing an inflammatory response to occur.
Atomic Weight - The average weight of an atom of an element, usually expressed relative to one atom of the carbon isotope taken as a weight of 12.
Autoignition Temperature - the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion, in the absence of a spark or flame.
Barrier Cream - See
"protective cream."
Base - See "Alkali."
Biohazardous Infectious Material - a material that contains organisms and the toxins produced by these organisms that have been shown to cause disease or are believed to cause disease in either humans or animals.
Blasting Agents - DOT (the U.S. Department of Transportation) Hazard Classification applied to those substances which have probability of accidental initiation owing to explosion or probability of transition from deflagration to detonation.
Boiling Point - the temperature at which a liquid changes from a liquids to a gas, at normal atmospheric pressure.
C,
or Ceiling - The maximum allowable human exposure limit for an airborne
substance; not to be exceeded, even momentarily. Also see "PEL" and "TLV."
Carbon Monoxide - A chemical asphyxiant: a colorless, practically
odorless, flammable, and very toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of
carbon compounds. Also a by-product of many chemical processes.
Carcinogen -
A substance capable of causing or producing cancer..
C.A.S. - Chemical Abstracts Service: an organization operated by the American Chemical Society that indexes information published in "Chemical Abstracts" and provides index guides by which information about particular substances may be located in the Abstracts. C.A.S. Numbers - Identify specific chemicals.
CAS Registry Number - a number assigned to a material by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to provide a single unique identifier.
Centigrade - (C) Also Celsius, the temperature
scale in which there are 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 degree C) and
the boiling point (100 degrees C) of water.
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations; the standards, regulations, and rules promulgated under U.S. law and published in the Federal Register.
Chemical Asphyxiant - Substances that prevent the
body from receiving or using an adequate oxygen supply. Carbon monoxide and
cyanide are examples.
Chemical Family - A group of compounds with related chemical and physical
properties. Example: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl
ketone (MIBK) are three members of the "ketone" family.
Chemical Formula - sometimes called the molecular formula, indicates the elements that make up a chemical.
Chemical Name - a proper scientific name for the active ingredient of a product.
Chemical Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the
lungs, caused by accumulation of lung liquids following chemical irritation. See
"aspiration hazard."
CHEMTREC - Chemical Transportation Emergency Center: a national center
established by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (now the American
Chemistry Council) to relay emergency information concerning specific chemicals
that have been involved in a transportation emergency.
Chronic Effect - An adverse effect on a human or animal in which symptoms
develop slowly following repeated, normally low level exposures to a chemical
over a long period of time, or recur frequently.
Chronic Exposure - a long-term exposure, usually occurring at low concentrations.
Chronic Health Effects - an effect that appears a long time after exposure.
Chronic Toxicity - Adverse (chronic) effects resulting from repeated doses of, or exposures to, a substance over a prolonged period of time.
Coefficient of Oil/Water Distribution - the ratio of the solubility of the chemical in an oil to its solubility in water.
CNS - Central nervous system, composed of the
brain and spinal cord.
CNS Depression - Lowered sensitivity level or loss of sensation in the
central nervous system, usually due to exposure to a particular chemical hazard
or anesthetic.
CO2 - Carbon dioxide; a colorless, nonflammable, and
relatively nontoxic gas. Is produced by the combustion and decomposition of
organic substances and as a by-product of many chemical processes. A simple
asphyxiant at high concentrations.
COC - Cleveland Open Cup; a flash-point test method.
Cocarcinogen - Material that potentiates the effect of a carcinogen in
the production of cancer. See also "carcinogen."
Coma - A state of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be aroused,
even by powerful stimulation.
Combustible - A substance capable of fueling a fire. Also a term used to
classify certain liquids on the basis of their flash points. Also see
"flammable."
Combustible Liquid - a liquid which has a flash point above 37.8 C.
Compressed Gas - a material which is a gas at normal room temperature (20 C) and pressure but is packaged as a pressurized gas, dissolved gas or gas liquefied by compression or refrigeration.
Concentration - The amount of a substance in a stated unit of a mixture or solution. Example: 2 parts per million hydrogen sulfide in air, or a 50 percent caustic solution.
Condensation - the process of reducing from one form to another denser form such as steam to water.
Contaminated - The presence of any extraneous material that may render a substance, a material (such as clothing), or a surface (such as skin) impure.
Controlled Products - Under the Controlled Products Regulation, a controlled product is defined as a material, product or substance which is imported or sold in Canada and meets the criteria for one or more of the following classes: -
Corneal/Conjunctival Burns - Burns to the transparent membrane covering the eyeball and lining the eyelids.
Corrosive Material - a material that can attack (corrode) metals or cause permanent damage to human tissues such as skin and eyes on contact. As defined by the Department of Transportation, a corrosive material is a liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in human skin (tissue) at the site of contact; or, in case of leakage from its packaging, a liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel.
Cryogenics - materials which exist at extremely low temperatures, such as liquid
nitrogen.
Dangerously Reactive Materials - materials that may undergo vigorous condensation, decomposition or polymerization. They may react violently under conditions of shock or increase in pressure or temperature. They may also react vigorously with water or water vapor to release a toxic gas.
Decomposition - the breakdown of a substance, often due to heat, decay or other effect, with the release of other compounds such as vapors or gases that may be flammable or toxic.
Dehydrating Agent - A substance capable of depleting body fluids or removing moisture from another material.
Density - the weight of a material in a given volume. It is usually given in grams per millilitre (g/ml).
Dermal - Of or pertaining to the skin.
Dermal Sensitization - An exposure of an agent to skin which results in
an immune response. Subsequent exposure will often induce a much stronger
(secondary) immune response.
Dermal Toxicity - Adverse toxic effects resulting from skin exposure to a
substance.
Dermatitis - Inflammation, irritation, or reddening of the skin.
Dilution Ventilation - dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air in a general area, room or building for the purposes of health hazard or nuisance control, and/or for heating and cooling.
DOL - U.S. Department of Labor: it includes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), and other agencies.
Dose - amount of the agent that has entered the body through the various routes of entry.
DOT - U.S. Department of Transportation: it
regulates transportation of chemicals and other hazardous and nonhazardous
substances.
DOT Hazard Class - Classification by the U.S. Department of
Transportation which describes the type of hazard that may be encountered in an
emergency during transport. For example, flammable, combustible, poison.
Dry Chemical - A powdered fire-extinguishing agent specially treated so
that it will flow properly. It may be used on fires involving flammable and
combustible materials (class B and C fires). It extinguishes fires by stopping
the progressive chemical reaction that take place during a fire.
Dusts - Solid particles generated by some mechanical process, such as
crushing, grinding, abrasion, or blasting.
Effects of Overexposure - Clinical signs and
symptoms that may occur or be experienced when one has been overexposed to
concentrations of a particular substance above established exposure limits.
Emergency and First-Aid Procedures - This refers to the recommended
first-aid procedures, based on the inherent toxicity of the product and the
route of exposure to the product.
Erythema - A name applied to redness of the skin that may result from
exposure to a substance or product.
Evaporation Rate - the rate at which a liquid changes to vapor at normal room temperature.
Explosion Hazard - A hazard that may result from exposure of a substance to heat or flame.
Explosive - Any chemical compound, mixture, or device, the primary or common
purpose of which is to function by explosion, that is, with instantaneous
release of gas and heat (energy). Also, any material having the properties of an
explosive.
Explosive (Class A) - Department of Transportation hazard classification
for those substances that pose a detonating or otherwise maximum explosion
hazard.
Explosive (Class B) - Department of Transportation hazard classification
for those substances that function by rapid combustion rather than by
detonation. Includes some explosive devices such as special fireworks, flash
powders.
Explosive (Class C) - Department of Transportation hazard classification
for those types of manufactured articles containing Class A or Class B
explosives, or both, as components but in restricted quantities. Minimum hazard.
Explosive (Flammable) Limits - the lower explosive (flammable) limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration of vapor in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition. The upper explosive (flammable) limit (UEL) is the highest concentration of vapor in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition.
Explosive (Flammable) Range - the range between the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL).
Exposure Limits- established concentrations which, if not exceeded, will not generally cause adverse effects to the worker exposed. Exposure limits differ in name and meaning depending on origin. For example:-
TWAEV Time-Weighted Average Exposure Value: The average airborne concentration of a biological or chemical agent to which a worker may
be
exposed in a work day or a work week.
STEV Short Term Exposure Value: - The maximum airborne concentration of a chemical or biological agent to which a worker may be exposed in any 15 minute period, provided the TWAEV is not exceeded.
CEV Ceiling Exposure Value: The maximum airborne concentration of a biological or chemical agent to which a worker may be exposed at any time.
SKIN: This notation indicates that direct or airborne contact with the product may result in significant absorption of the product through the skin, mucous membranes or eyes. Inclusion of this notation is intended to suggest that preventative action be taken against absorption of the agent through these routes of entry.
TLV-TWA Threshold Limit Value - Time-Weighted Average: The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8 hour work day and a 40 hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.
TLV-STEL Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit: a 15 minute time-weighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day even if the 8 hr TWA is within the TLV. Exposures at the STEL should not be repeated more than 4 times a day and there should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures at the STEL.
TLV-C Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling: the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
Other exposure limits include the Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) which are legal exposure limits in the United States.
Extinguishing Agents (Methods) - Agent(s)
suitable for controlling or putting out a fire, when properly applied.
Eye Protection - Recommended safety glasses, shields, goggles, and other
headgear to be used when handling the material - to protect against accidental
eye contact.
Fahrenheit - (F) The thermometric scale in which, under standard atmospheric
pressure, the boiling point of water is 212 degrees above the zero of the scale;
the freezing point of water is at 32 degrees above zero of the scale.
Fetal - Of or pertaining to a fetus, the unborn young of a person or
animal while still in the uterus.
Fibrosis - A condition marked by the abnormal increase in the amount of
fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue.
Fire Hazard - A hazard that may result from exposure of the product to
heat or flame.
Fire Point - The lowest temperature at which a material can evolve vapors
fast enough to support continuous combustion.
First-Degree Burn - A mild burn characterized by pain and reddening of
the skin.
Flammable - A material that is easily ignited and burns with extreme
rapidity.
Flammable Aerosol - An aerosol that yields a flame projection for more
than 18" at full valve opening, or a flash back (a flame extending back to the
valve) at any degree of valve opening.
Flammable Gas - A DOT hazard classification applied to a compressed gas
meeting the requirements of the lower flammability limit, flammability range
limit, flame projection, or flame propagation criteria.
Flammable Limits - "See Explosive Limits".
Flammable Substance - one that will readily catch fire and continue to burn in air if exposed to a source of ignition.
Flashback - this occurs when a trail of flammable material is ignited by a distant source of ignition. The flame then travels back along the trail of gas, vapor or aerosol to its source.
Flashpoint - the lowest temperature of a liquid at which it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture of vapor and air immediately above the liquid surface.
Freezing Point - the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid, at normal atmospheric pressure.
Fumes - Fumes are formed by processing, such as combustion, sublimation, or condensation. The term is generally applied to the metal oxides of such metals as zinc, magnesium, or lead.
Gas - Normally formless fluids that occupy the space of their enclosure and
that can be changed to the liquid or solid state only by the combined effect of
increased pressure and decreased temperature.
General Exhaust - Removal of contaminated air from a large area by use of
an air-circulation or exchange system. See also "local exhaust."
Hazard- the potential for harmful effects.
Hazardous Combustion Products - chemicals which may be formed when a material burns. These chemicals may be flammable, toxic or have other hazards.
Hazardous Decomposition Products - formed when a material decomposes (breaks down) because it is unstable, or reacts with materials such as water or oxygen in air.
Hazardous Ingredient - Under the Hazardous Products Act, a chemical must be listed in the Hazardous Ingredients section of a MSDS if:-
Hazardous Material - Any substance or mixture of
substances having properties capable of producing adverse effects on the health
or safety of a human being.
Hazardous Polymerization - Polymerization is a process of forming a polymer by combining large numbers of chemical units or monomers into long chains (polyethylene from ethylene or polystyrene from styrene). Uncontrolled polymerization can be extremely hazardous. Some polymerization processes can release considerable heat or can be explosive.
Hazardous Reaction/Decomposition - An indication
of the relative hazards of the by-products, including the generation of heat or
explosion, that may result from a chemical change of the product.
Highly Toxic - A chemical that:
Ingestion - means taking a material into the body by mouth (swallowing).
Ignitable - A solid, liquid, or compressed gas
that exhibits a "characteristic of ignitability," as defined by the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and may be regulated (by the Environmental
Protection Agency) as a hazardous waste.
Ignition Source - Anything that provides heat, spark, or flame sufficient
to cause combustion or explosion.
Incendiary Spark - A small, hot glowing particle of a substance thrown out by a body in combustion, or remaining when combustion is nearly complete. This particle is capable of igniting other combustible or flammable materials, gases, vapors, or dusts.
Incompatible
- Materials that could cause dangerous reactions from direct contact with
one another are described as incompatible.
Ingestion - Taking a substance into the body (stomach) through the
mouth; swallowing.
Inhalation - means taking a material into the body by breathing it in.
Irritant - some sort of aggravation of whatever tissue the material comes in contact with.
Irritating Material - As defined by the
Department of Transportation, is a liquid or solid substance which upon
contact with fire or when exposed to air, gives off dangerous or intensely
irritating fumes (not including poisonous material). (See Poison, Class A
and Poison, Class B.)
LC50 - the concentration of a material in air which causes death in 50% of a group of test animals. The material is inhaled over a set period of time, usually 4 hrs. LC stands for lethal concentration.
LD50 - the weight of material which causes the death in 50% of a group of test animals. It is usually expressed in weight of material per weight of test animal. LD stands for lethal dose.
LEL or LFL - Lower Explosive Limit or Lower
Flammable Limit of a flammable vapor or gas in air (usually expressed in percent
by volume) below which propagation of a flame will not occur in the presence of
an ignition source. Also see "UEL."
Local Exhaust - A system for capturing and removing airborne contaminants (gases, particulates) at the point at which they are released. Not to be confused with general exhaust.
Material Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects - classified under "Poisonous and Infectious Material" as toxic or very toxic based on information such as the LD50 or LC50.
Material Causing Other Toxic Effects - classified under "Poisonous and Infectious Material" as a material causing toxic effects such as skin or respiratory sensitization, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, etc.
Melting Point - the temperature at which a solid material becomes a liquid.
mg/kg - Milligrams per kilogram. An expression
of toxicological dose. See "g/kg."
mg/m3 - Milligrams per cubic meter of air; a unit for
measuring concentrations of particulates in the air (a weight per unit volume).
Mist - Suspended liquid droplets in the air
generated by condensation from the gaseous to the liquid state, or by
breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state by splashing, foaming, or
atomizing.
Mixture - A combination of two or more substances that may be
separated by mechanical means. The components may not be uniformly
dispersed. Also see "solution."
Molecular Formula - A chemical formula that shows the number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.
Molecular Weight - the sum of the atomic weights of a molecule's constituent atoms.
Mucous Membrane - Mucous-secreting membrane lining the hollow organs of the body, for example, the nose, mouth, stomach, intestines, bronchial tubes, and urinary tract.
Mutagen - an agent that affects the genes or cells of the exposed people in such a way that it may cause cancer in the exposed individual or an undesirable mutation to occur in some later generation.
NA Number - See "UN number".
Nasal Cavity - Either of the pair of
cavities in the nose separated by a septum, the thin wall between the two
halves of the nose.
Neutralize - To render chemically neutral or harmless; neither acid
nor base; to counteract the activity or effect of. The addition of a base
(sodium hydroxide) to an acid hydrochloric acid) results in water and a salt
(sodium chloride); thus the acid has been "neutralized" or rendered
harmless.
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association. Founded in 1896, it is
an independent, voluntary membership, nonprofit organization dedicated to
the safeguarding of people and their environment from destructive fire using
scientific and engineering techniques and education.
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Part
of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS); a Federal agency which, in addition to
other activities, tests and certifies respiratory protective devices and air
sampling detector tubes, recommends occupational exposure limits for various
substances, and assists OSHA in occupational safety and health
investigations and research.
Noncombustible - A material that will not ignite, burn, support
combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to heat or fire.
Non-Flammable Gas - DOT hazard classification applied to any
compressed gas other than a flammable compressed gas.
Odor - Odor is described in comparison to common, familiar "smells." Odor threshold refers to the concentration required in the air before vapors are detected or recognized.
Odor Threshold - the airborne concentration, usually in part per million, at which an odor becomes noticeable.
Oil-Impervious Garments - Clothing that does not
allow the entrance or passage of oil to the skin, as with oil-impervious
(protective) gloves.
Oil Mist - Oil, in the form of fine particles, formed by atomization
floating or falling in the atmosphere; a fine spray of oil particles suspended
in the air.
Olfactory - Relating to the sense of smell. The olfactory region of the
nasal mucosa is the area that detects odors and transmits information to the
brain via the olfactory nerves.
Oral LD 50 - Oral Lethal Dose 50; the concentration of a substance
administered by mouth that will produce death in 50 percent of the animals
tested.
Oral Toxicity - Adverse effects that result from taking a substance into
the body via the mouth.
Organic Peroxide - A Department of Transportation hazard classification
applied to an organic compound containing the bivalent -00- structure and that
may be considered a derivative of H2O2 in which one of more of the hydrogen
atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.
ORM-A - A Department of Transportation hazard classification applied to a
material which has an anesthetic, irritating, noxious, toxic, or other similar
property and which can cause extreme annoyance or discomfort to passengers and
crew in the event of leakage during transportation.
ORM-B - A Department of Transportation hazard classification applied to a
material (including a solid when wet with water) capable of causing significant
damage to a transport vehicle or vessel by leaking during transportation.
ORM-C - A Department of Transportation hazard classification applied to a
material that has other inherent characteristics not described as an ORM-A or
ORM-B, but that make it unsuitable for shipment unless properly identified and
prepared for transportation.
ORM-D - A Department of Transportation hazard classification applied to a
material such as a consumer commodity which, though otherwise subject to the
regulations of the DOT hazard classification system, presents a limited hazard
during transportation due to its form, quantity, and packaging.
ORM-E - DOT hazard classification applied to a material which is not
included in any other hazard class but which is subject to the requirements of
the DOT regulations. Materials in this class include "Hazardous Waste" and other
hazardous materials.
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S.
Department of Labor; a Federal agency with safety and health regulatory and
enforcement authority for most U.S. industries and businesses.
Oxidizer - Department of Transportation defines an oxidizer or oxidizing
materials as a substance that yields oxygen readily to stimulate the combustion
(oxidation) of organic matter. Chlorate (ClO3) permanganate (MnO4), and nitrate
(NO3) compounds are examples of oxidizers.
Oxidizing Material - gives up oxygen easily or can readily oxidize other materials.
OXY - NFPA special hazard rating for oxidizer.
Particulate - Airborne solids or liquids. Dusts, fumes, smokes, mists, and fogs are all examples of particulates.
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) - legal limits in the U.S.A. set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
pH - a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a material when dissolved in water.
Polymer - a natural or man-made material formed by combining units, called monomers, into long chains.
Polymerization - a process of forming a polymer by combining large numbers of chemical units or monomers into long chains.
Parts Per Million (ppm) - represents the concentration of gases or vapor in air. For example, 1 ppm of a gas means that 1 unit of the gas is present for every 1 million units of air.
Reactivity - tendency to participate in chemical reactions.
Sensitization - the development, over time, of an allergic reaction to a chemical.
Solubility - the ability of a material to dissolve in water or another liquid.
Solvent - a material which is capable of dissolving another chemical.
Specific Gravity - the density of a liquid compared to the density of an equal amount of water.
Stability - the ability of a material to remain unchanged in the presence of heat, moisture or air.
Teratogen - agents or compounds that a pregnant woman takes into her body that generate defects in the fetus.
Toxicity - ability of a substance to cause harmful effects.
Trade Name - the name under which a product is commercially known.
TWA - See "Exposure Limits".
UEL (Upper Explosive Limits) - See "Explosive Limits".
UN Number - a four digit number assigned to a potentially hazardous material or class of materials. UN (United Nations) numbers are internationally recognized and are used by fire fighter and other emergency response personnel for identification of materials during transportation emergencies. NA (North American) numbers are assigned by Transport Canada and the US Department of Transport to materials they consider hazardous and to which a UN number has not been assigned.
Vapor - a gaseous form of a material which is normally solid or liquid at room temperature and pressure.
Vapor Density - the density of a vapor compared to the density of an equal amount of air.
Vapor Pressure - the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form.
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Ventilation - the movement of air.
Volatility - the ability of a material to evaporate.